The contents can pass from the sensorial memory to the short-term one if they are repeated, that is, if they are repeated several times. If the previous list was short, recognition occurred faster. The subjects had to say whether the check digit was contained in the previously reported list of digits. This was also confirmed by an experiment by Sternberg, which proposed groups of subjects with lists of figures (from one to six) and then a check digit. The recovery speed depends on the number of information taking into account the extent and speed of information itself. The capacity was quantified by the Ebbinghaus "span of digits" experiment, which observed that after listening to a list of syllables, it was possible to remember an average of seven, and then further deepened by Miller, according to which the Short Term Memory can hold from five to nine digits: he defined this quantity as "the magic number seven", precisely because on average the contents retained were "7 +/- 2" and were to be understood not as single elements, but also as chunks, that is couples, triads or groupings of elements. The second warehouse consists of the Short-Term Memory, with limited capacity, where the information remains for a short period, similar to about 30s. Sperling concluded, therefore, that in a short time you could see an entire image, but you could not keep it long enough to repeat it. The subjects were able to name only four or five, but reported that they had "seen" all nine. He showed the chart for 50ms, then asked the subjects how many letters they could remember. He presented the subjects with a 3×3 table, with three rows and three columns, for a total of nine squares within which there was a letter of the alphabet. Sperling, compared to the first warehouse, tried to evaluate how many visual elements could be seen in a short interval of time, using a "full report procedure". In general, the stages of the mnestic act are four: a) acquisition b) coding c) maintenance d) recovery of information. Hence "serial", because they are "placed in series". Therefore, the stimuli are first recorded through sense-perceptual processes (for sounds the ecoic memory intervenes, for the visual stimuli the iconic memory intervenes) at this point the information first accesses the "short term" and then the "long term". The model has three stages corresponding to three warehouses placed in series: the sensory register (Sperling, 1963), short-term memory and long-term memory. The human mind is a calculator, a Human Information Processing (HIP). This theorized registration mechanism integrates some functions previously identified by other authors, such as "schematization" (intended as the reduction of essential lines - Bartlett, 1932) and allows (in subsequent years) to other authors to identify other functions, then confirmed by scientific studies, such as:Ī) "Integration", or incorporation by addition and compensation (Palmer, 1974) ī) "Abstraction", or substitution with a formula or symbols (Sachs, 1977) Ĭ) "Selection", ie chosen on a utilitarian and convenience basis (Anderson, 1978) ĭ) "Interpretation", or translation in terms of validity on a cognitive and practical level (Hasher, 1983).ģ) The serial theory of Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968-1971) Memories would be closed mental events, that is, finished copies of stored materials. The memory process is the product of a restructuring in which the subject uses active strategies for reconstructing the memory trace on the basis of comparison and integration with the information already present in memory, according to one's personal and emotional experience.Ģ) Neisser's theory of reappearance (1967) The main models areġ)ěartlett's constructivist theory (1932) These operations, however, do not always ensure the recovery of memory, since certain factors may have intervened favoring oblivion ( curve of oblivion, Ebbinghaus, 1885), or the inability/impossibility of recovering the information sought, due to the flow of time, of emotional factors, of temporary or permanent physical pathologies, of internal or external interference, or of the removal mechanism. The re-enactment, according to the Rey’s test, will follow a typical curve ( serial position), so the first re-evoked words will be the last of the list ( recency effect) and then the first of the list ( primacy effect). The recovery of the mnemonic data can occur in three ways:Ī) “Free re-enactment”: The subject tries to remember with a free search the detail concerned ī) “Suggestive re-enactment”: The subject tries to remember in the presence of a suggestion Ĭ) “Recognition”: The subject tries to remember following a specific stimulus. Memory is the ability to keep the information acquired by the system, so that it can be available and used for carrying out tasks to be performed. Contents of the manuscript Introduction and main models
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |